{"id":158,"date":"2023-12-02T21:36:37","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T13:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yizishun.com\/?p=158"},"modified":"2024-03-13T18:40:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-13T10:40:01","slug":"nju-pa2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yizishun.com\/?p=158","title":{"rendered":"NJU PA2\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u611f\u609f\uff08\u5df2\u5b8c\u7ed3\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6211\u662f\u5728\u505apa2.1\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\u5199\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5pa2.1\u53ef\u80fd\u5199\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u7565\uff0cpa2\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttps:\/\/nju-projectn.github.io\/ics-pa-gitbook\/ics2023\/PA2.html<\/a>\u3002\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u7684isa\u662friscv32\uff08\u6bd5\u7adf\u6700\u7b80\u5355hhh\uff09\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6b63\u6587<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PA2.1<\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

2.1\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u6709\u56db\u6b65\uff1a1.fetch 2.decode 3.execue 4.pc++\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u548c\u7b2c\u56db\u6b65\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6700\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u662f\u8bd1\u7801\u548c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u8bd1\u7801\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6e90\u7801\u5df2\u7ecf\u66ff\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u6e90\u7801\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5339\u914d\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u540e\u5199\u51fa\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u975e\u5e38\u76f4\u89c2\u548c\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff08\u8bdd\u8bf4\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u770b\u61c2\uff08pattern_decode\u51fd\u6570\uff09TODO<\/mark>\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4fbf\u53ea\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u622a\u81f323\/12\/3\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6307\u4ee4\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u5168\u662f\u6211\u770b\u5168\u82f1\u6587\u6863\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u6709\u591a\u5f3a\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u6863555\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u6863\u4e86\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u4e2d\u6587<\/a>\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1aEnglish<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6307\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7add,add-longlong,bit,crc32\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728bubble-sort\u91cc\u9762\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6211\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5b58\u5728bug\uff0c\u6211\u7528pa1\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u60f3\u5b9a\u4f4derror\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u60f3\u5728\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff08\u4e00\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u627e\u9519\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u7ffb\u9605\u624b\u518c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14tm\u8fd8\u662f\u5168\u82f1\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u522b\u5de5\u5177\u80fd\u5e2e\u6211\u627e\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4e0d\u65ad\u5bfb\u627e\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u540e\u7684diff test\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u627e\u6211\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u7684<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diff test<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

diff test\u9996\u5148\u4f7f\u7528init_difftest\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u89c1\u5230\uff0cdlopen\uff0cdlsym\uff0cdlclose\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u6253\u5f00\u52a8\u6001\u94fe\u63a5\u5e93\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cvoid (*ref_difftest_init)(int) = dlsym(handle, \"difftest_init\");<\/code>\u91cc\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u7406\u5e94\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u5e94\u8be5\u662fld.so\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u7adf\u7136\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u6709\u70b9\u795e\u5947\u4e14\u8be1\u5f02\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u53bb\u770b\u4e86\u770bdlsym\u7684\u6e90\u7801\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u770b\u4e0d\u61c2555\uff0c\u4f46\u539f\u7406\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd8\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u7528ld.so\u3002\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u662fRTFSC+\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u6709bug\uff0c\u4e14\u5199\u7684\u5f88\u5c4e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2adiff test\u662f\u771f\u725b\u903c\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u6000\u7740\u5fd0\u5fd1\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u518d\u6b21\u8fd0\u884cbubble-sort\uff0c\u6211\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86error\uff0cref-pc=80000060<\/code>\uff0cdut-pc=80000044<\/code>\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2apc\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u518d\u56de\u53bb\u627efault\uff0c\u662fbge\u6307\u4ee4\u5b9e\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6211\u53d1\u73b0bge\u662f\u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\uff0cble\u662f\u5c0f\u4e8e\uff0c\uff08\u6b32\u54ed\u65e0\u6cea\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u5565\u662f\u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\u554a\u554a\u554a\u554a\uff01\u7136\u540e\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u624b\u518c\u4e0a\u771f\u7684\u5199\u7684\u662f\u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u6ca1\u770b\u6e05\uff08\u54ce\uff0c\u6211\u8fd9\u7c97\u5fc3\u7684\u6bdb\u75c5\u5df2\u7ecf\u803d\u8bef\u4e86\u6211\u9ad8\u8003\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5565\u65f6\u5019\u80fd\u6539\u4e00\u4e0b\u554a\u54ce\uff09BGE and BGEU take the branch if rs1 is greater than or equal to<\/mark> rs2,\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31HIT GOOD TRAP<\/mark>\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u63d2\u66f2\u7ec8\u4e8e\u544a\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bfe\u505apta\u6216\u8005oj\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u793a\u4f8b\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8eref\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u505adiff test\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540e\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u624b\u518c\u6700\u540e\u6709\u5341\u5206\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u6700\u540e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e8644\u6761\u6307\u4ee4<\/a>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9664\u4e86\u2018string\u2019\u548c’hello-str’\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

PA2.2<\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

AM<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

abstract machine\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u624d\u9690\u7ea6\u7684\u61c2\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\uff08\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u770b\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff09\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u5c31\u7279\u522b\u7b80\u5355\uff08TRM\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u5e2e\u52a9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08stack heap\uff09\u53ef\u4f9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u7406\u89e3am\u5462\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u5047\u8bbe\u6ca1\u6709am\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\uff0c\u88abnemu\u6267\u884c\uff0cpc\u9996\u5148\u6307\u5411main\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5168\u90e8\u6267\u884c\u6210\u529f\u54ce\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6709am\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u6210\u5b58\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u7ed9nemu\uff0cnemu\u6307\u5411_start\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u662fmain\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f00\u8f9fstack\uff08\u5bf9\u6bd4\u800c\u8a00\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u8fde\u6808\u7a7a\u95f4\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230init_trm\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u8c03\u7528main\uff08\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1main\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u800c\u8a00\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2amain\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0d\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728init\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528halt\u505c\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\uff08\u5bf9\u6bd4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u505c\u6b62\uff0cpc\u4f1a\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6cd5\u6307\u4ee4\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bf9\u4e8emakefile\u5462\uff0c\u8fd9\u6574\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u5f88\u591amakefile\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3bmakefile\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e1.\/ics2023\/nemu\uff08\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fd0\u884cnemu\uff092.am-kernal\u7684test\u91cc\u7684makefile\uff08\u8c03\u7528abstract m\u7684makefile\u4ece\u800c\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff093.am\u91cc\u7684makefile\uff08\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u914d\u7f6e\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8c03\u75282\u7684makefile\uff08make ARCH=riscv32-nemu ALL=dummy run\uff09\uff0c\u4f1a\u7ecf\u8fc7231\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fd0\u884c\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c31PA2.1\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8ba9\u6211\u770bmakefile\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff08\u4ed4\u7ec6\u770b\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u6311\u6218\u592a\u5927\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u770b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u547d\u4ee4\uff08make -nB\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u4e4b\u540e\u80fd\u9759\u4e0b\u5fc3\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u505a\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc5\u505a\u9898\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u5373<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5c31\u662f\u5728\/abstract-machine\/script\/platform\/nemu.mk\u4e2d\u52a0\u4e0aNEMUFLAGS += -b<\/code>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f20\u7ed9nemu\u7684makefile\u7684ARGS\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u4e86\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u4f60\u7684linux\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u5c31\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0hhh\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4e00\u4e2alibc.a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u8bdd\u8bf4\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u5b66c\u8bed\u8a00\u7528\u7684\u662fK&R\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5f88\u591a\u8bfe\u540e\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c31\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u68a6\u56de\u6691\u5047\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pa\u6587\u6863\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\uff08undefined behaviour\uff09\uff0c\u8c08\u8c08\u6211\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u672a\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982c\u8bed\u8a00\u5c31\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u96640\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u591a\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u6bd5\u7adf\u4f60\u6ca1\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u561b\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u751f\u6210\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u5bf9ub\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u6df1\uff0c\u5199\u51faub\uff08\u6216\u8005\u68c0\u6d4bub\uff09\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f18\u5316\u6389\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u89c1apsys12.pdf (washington.edu)<\/a>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u6309\u7167\u6587\u6863\u89c4\u8303\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6587\u6863\u8bf4\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u90a3\u6837\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90a3\u6837\u505a\u4e5f\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ece\u72b6\u6001\u673a\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2aub\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e93\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7ec6\u5fc3\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u770b\u6587\u6863\u4ed4\u7ec6\u4e00\u70b9\uff0cdebug\u8010\u70e6\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u884c\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5199\u70b9\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u5f97\u5bf9sprintf\u6dfb\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

iringbuf<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981iringbuf\u5462\uff0clog\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u5417\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728qq\u7fa4\u95ee\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u770b\u5230log\uff0c\u8bd5\u60f3\u4f60\u5728\u8dd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7528\u5f88\u5927\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u628aitrace\u5168\u90e8\u5199\u8fdblog\u91cc\uff0clog\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u597d\u51e0G\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14io\u4e8b\u52a1\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u964d\u4f4enemu\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u6682\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u70b9\u62e8\u6211\u5c31\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u770b\u7740\u6e90\u7801\u4e0d\u6562\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u8be5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u653e\u54ea\u91cc\u6700\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u5199\u6700\u4f18\u96c5\uff0c\u5185\u8017\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u9075\u5faaKISS\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e09\u4e03\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u901a\u4e71\u52a0\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u5148\u628a\u529f\u80fd\u7ed9\u8dd1\u8d77\u6765\u518d\u8bf4\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u52c7\u6c14\u5c31\u4e0a\u6765\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\u660e\u786e\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6211\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff08init\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u524d\u628a\u8fd9\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u6c47\u7f16\u5199\u5165\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u4e2d\uff08write\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08print\uff09\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u9700\u6c42\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e09\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\u5373\u53ef<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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mtrace<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u4fee\u6539kconfig\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0cMTRACE\u548cMTRACE_COND\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u548citrace\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u601d\u8def\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55memory trace\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5c06mtrace\u5199\u5165\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u5426\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8eMTRACE\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5199\u5165log\u6587\u4ef6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8eMTRACE_COND\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aio\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u6587\u6863\u6240\u8bf4\u5373\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u53e6\u5916\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0mtrace\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u6761\u4ef6, \u4f8b\u5982\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u4f1a\u5173\u5fc3\u67d0\u4e00\u6bb5\u5185\u5b58\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee, \u6709\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u63a7\u5236\u529f\u80fd, mtrace\u4f7f\u7528\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\u4e86.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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ftrace<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

ftrace\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2aELF\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u5bf9ELF\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u6709\u4e86\u89e3\u8fc7\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u8d81\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u5c31\u518d\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u6211\u901a\u8fc7\u624b\u518c\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\uff08man 5 ELF\uff09\uff0c\u624b\u518c\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548creadelf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e24\u4e24\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u5b66\u4e60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662fELF header\uff08Ehdr\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u542belf\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86phdr\u548cshdr\u7684offset<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u662fprogram header\uff08Phdr\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bb5\uff08segment\uff09\u6216\u8005\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6765\u51c6\u5907\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6267\u884c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u548csection\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0csegment\u662f\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\uff0csection\u662f\u5728elf\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2asegment\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2asection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u662fsection header\uff08Shdr\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8282\uff08section\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u662fsymbol table\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dname\u5c5e\u6027\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8be5\u7b26\u53f7\u5728strtab\u7684index\uff0cvalue\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8be5\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982function…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u662fstring table\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5null\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u4e00\u5806\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5cbinary\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0cfread\uff0cfwrite\uff0cfseek\uff0cftell\uff0crewind<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8fd8\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5199\u8fd9\u4e2a\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u597d\u5728\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa 1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672c\u8eab 2\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u8def\u5c31\u662f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.\u5728elf header\u4e2d\u7684e_shoff\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u627e\u5230section header\u7684\u504f\u79fb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u627e\u5230section header\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u8fd8\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u548csection\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff0ce_shentsize\uff0ce_shnum\uff0ce_shstrndx<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.\u5728section table\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7e_shentsize\uff0ce_shnum\u7cbe\u51c6\u627e\u5230sh_name\u4e3asymtab\u548cstrtab\u7684\u504f\u79fb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.\u5728symtab\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7st_info\u63d0\u53d6type\u4e3aFUNC\u7684\u6761\u76ee\uff0c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u76ee\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7st_value\u6765\u63d0\u53d6\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7st_name\u6765\u63d0\u53d6\u5bf9\u5e94\u7b26\u53f7\u5728strtab\u4e2d\u7684index<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.\u901a\u8fc7index\uff0c\u5728strtab\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u50a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u8fc7\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bfe\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u6570\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ok\uff0c\u601d\u8def\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5f00\u59cbcoding<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e0d\u61c8\u52aa\u529b\u4ee5\u53cagoogle\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u662f\u5199\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u5199\u5b8c\u6211\u6570\u4e86\u6570\u670977\u884c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u6790elf\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u9ebb\u70e6\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u8d34\u4e0a\u6765\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5199\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c_start\u51fd\u6570\u5728symbol\u8868\u4e2d\u7684size\u662f0\uff0c\u6211\u767e\u601d\u4e0d\u5f97\u5176\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728qq\u7fa4\u95ee\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a9\u6559\u4e5f\u5f88\u70ed\u5fc3\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8bc6\u522b\u6210\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6807\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f_start\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u5728\u4e8estart.S\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7f16\u8bd1\u800c\u6210\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c_start\u88ab\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6807\u8bb0\u6210\u4e86function\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u94fe\u63a5\u5668\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u5728start.s\u4e2d\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\u6807\u6ce8\u4e86\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\uff0c\u611f\u8c22\u52a9\u6559\u8001\u5e08<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0ftrace\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u4e2a\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4ed6\u7684call\u548cret\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5c3e\u8c03\u7528\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u7684jr\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fdd\u5b58\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u957f\u89c1\u8bc6\u4e86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u600e\u4e48\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5462\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u597d\uff0c\u597d\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684ftrace\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u5148\u6682\u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4f60\u7684klib<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u9047\u89c1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u7528argc\u548cargv\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u6bb5\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14argc\u90fd\u662f\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u8d1f\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u731c\u6d4b\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5199\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662fam\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u652f\u6301argc\u548cargv\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u7d22\u6027\u5c31\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u5168\u90e8\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u904d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P<\/mark>A<\/mark>2<\/mark>.<\/mark>3<\/mark><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u4e32\u53e3<\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

nemu\u4e2d\u7684\u4e32\u53e3\u5b9e\u73b0\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u5f80\u4e32\u53e3\u7684mmio\u5730\u5740\u5199\u503c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff08\u4e00\u6b21\u53ea\u80fd\u51991 byte\uff09\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u4e32\u53e3\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u62df\u771f\u5b9e\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7535\u8def\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u5b57\u662fserial_io_handler\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u62df\u7684mmio\u5730\u5740\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u4e2d\u53d6\u503c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8be5\u503c\u5199\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684stderr\u8f93\u51fa\u6d41\u4e2d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

for example\uff0cputch\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u6307\u4ee4sb a0,1016(a5) # a00003f8 <_end+0x1fff73f8>\uff0c\u4e00\u6761store byte\u6307\u4ee4\uff0cnemu\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u5148\u8c03\u7528vaddr_write\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u7528paddr_write\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u68c0\u6d4b\u662f\u8c03\u7528pmem_write\u8fd8\u662fmmio_write\uff08\u6211\u7ec8\u4e8e\u77e5\u9053paddr\u548cpmem\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e86555\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6ce8\u518c\u8fc7\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5199\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9e\u73b0printf<\/mark><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u6863\u63d0\u793a\u4e2d\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86sprintf()\u4e86, \u5b83\u548cprintf()\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c, \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801. \u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u89c1\u8bc6\u5230Copy-Paste\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u574f\u5904\u4e86, \u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e0b, \u5982\u4f55\u7b80\u6d01\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u5462?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u5c31\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u53d8\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2astactic\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fc7\u7684sprintf\u6765\u5148\u83b7\u5f97\u683c\u5f0f\u597d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u518d\u7528putch\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u522b\u4eba\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u5947\u5999\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\uff08\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u7279\u522b\u5947\u5999\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u6211\u624d\u770b\u5230\u8fc7\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u53c2\u4f46\u662f\u4f20\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u662fputch\uff0c\u90a3\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u592a\u5999\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u65e9\u4e0a\u521a\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u4e0b\u5348\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u4f73\u7684\u597d\u673a\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4f60\u61c2\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u53bb\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u4e0d\u53bb\u4f7f\u7528\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u6ca1\u5b66<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65f6\u949f<\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u60f3\u76f4\u63a5\u8d34\u4ee3\u7801\u4e86\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u8fd8\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u5355\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8981\u770b\u61c2\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u9700\u8981\u5148\u8bf7\u6c42offset\u4e3a4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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